Non-institutionalized elderly persons who have disabilities have substantially higher total health care expenditures than do other older persons according to the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey (NMES). Perhaps more importantly, the out-of-pocket expenses of the disabled elderly were also much greater in spite of their near universal participation in the Medicare program and the assistance offered by the Medicaid program to many of the elderly poor. Medicare requires deductibles and copayments on the services it covers. Persons with disabilities may use large amounts of covered services, and often make out-of-pocket payments for those services. In addition, persons with disabilities may use home health services. Such services are often not covered by Medicare, and may require large out-of-pocket payments.

For purposes of this analysis, we used three measures of disability: elderly persons who have limitations in two or more basic activities of daily living (ADLs), such as bathing, dressing, transferring, toileting, or eating; those who have limitations in one ADL; and those who only have limitations with respect to instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)--e.g., using the telephone, shopping, taking medications, managing their money, etc.

Disability Status of the Elderly

Over seven million older people, or about one-fourth of the elderly population, experienced a period of disability either at the beginning or at the end of calendar year 1987 according to NMES data (see Table 1).¹ About 2.6 million persons or 9% of the elderly had severe disabilities, i.e., needed assistance with or more ADLs.

Out-of-Pocket Expenditures

Elderly persons with severe disabilities had out-of-pocket health care expenses which were nearly four times greater than persons without disabilities--$2,401 versus $660 (see Table 2).

Table 3 shows the distribution of out-of-pocket expenditures by type of service. Much of the difference in out-of-pocket expense is due to greater home health spending among those with disabilities, who also have far greater hospital and physician expenses. However, spending for prescription drugs does not vary substantially across disability groups. These figures do not include amounts spent on health insurance premiums.

The Burden of Health Care Expenses

The NMES data presented in Table 2 also show that older people with severe disabilities spend, on average, a greater percentage of family income on health care than do people without disabilities--12% versus 3%. Not only do persons with severe disabilities have high expenditures, but they also have lower family incomes (less than $20,000 versus nearly $26,000 for those without disabilities.

There is substantial diversity in health care use and financing among the elderly. Thus, out-of-pocket expenditures are a much greater burden for some than for others. For example, even though persons with severe disabilities spend about 12% of their family income on health care, about 24% of them spend more than 20% of family income on health care, while 47% spend less than 5%. One of the reasons for this diversity is that some services are used by relatively few people, while others are used by most people. Most disabled persons have expenditures for prescriptions drugs and physician services, but in a given year, relatively few have expenditures for hospital care or home health care. In fact, over 70% of the severely disabled elderly do not have any out-of-pocket expenditures for home health care.

It is important to determine the characteristics of persons with the greatest burdens. Although that task lies beyond the scope of this note, some dimensions have already been explored. Insurance coverage varies by disability status. For example, 47% of the elderly without disabilities are covered by group insurance obtained through an employer or union. Such insurance covers copayments and deductibles as do standard Medigap policies, and often helps with additional expenses, such as prescription drugs. By contrast, only 27% of persons with severe disabilities have such coverage.

One might think that those covered by Medicaid would spend very little out-of-pocket. However, although this may tend to be true for those who are categorically eligible for Medicaid, those who are medically needy become eligible precisely because they have incurred large expenses. In fact, elderly persons with severe disabilities who were enrolled in Medicaid for only part of 1987 have the highest out-of-pocket expenditures ($2,943 or 20% of family income).

Those who live alone are particularly vulnerable. Over 37% of those who live alone spend more than 20% of their income on health care expenses. Home health care is a major expense for many of those who live alone. They also have much lower incomes. Those who live alone have an average family income of less than $8,000, as compared to nearly $16,000 for those living with a spouse, or nearly $32,000 for those living with others.

Additional research and data collection are needed to further identify the out-of-pocket burdens of the elderly, as well as the individuals with the greatest need for financial assistance. Particular attention should be paid to the relatively few individuals who account for the bulk of home health expenditures and to the identification of risk factors for such expenditures.

Notes

1. Disability data are taken from the NMES Long-Term Care Supplement which was administered during Rounds 1 and 4. The reader will note that the number of disabled shown is higher than that shown by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research in their Research Note #4, which used only those disabled in Round 1.

CONTACT PERSONS:      John Drabek, Office of Disability, Aging, and Long-Term Care Policy     M. Eugene Moyer, Office of Health Policy

ASPE Research Notes is circulated periodically to the Department of Health and Human Services by the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. This paper reflect only the views of its author and does not necessarily represent the position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. For further information on long-term care or health issues, call Mary Harahan, Office of Family, Community, and Long-Term Care Policy at 202-690-6613 or Chris Bladen, Office of Health Policy at 202-690-6870.

ASPE RESEARCH NOTES ARTICLES AVAILABLE

Cost of Teenage Childbearing: Current Trends (August 1992)

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Counting Persons in Poverty on the Current Population Survey (August 1998)

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Eldercare: The Impact of Family Caregivers' Employment on Formal and Informal Helper Hours (August 1995)

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Health Insurance in 1994 from the Current Population Survey: Measurement Difficulties (November 1996)

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Informal Caregiver "Burnout": Predictors and Prevention (April 1993)

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Licensed Board and Care Homes: Preliminary Findings from the 1991 National Health Provider Inventory (May 1993)

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March 1992 Current Population Survey Shows Health Insurance Coverage Up in 1991: Number of Medicaid Recipients Also Rises (February 1993)

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March 1993 Current Population Survey Re-Benchmarked on 1990 Census (March 1995)

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Number of Medicaid Recipients Up: CPS Shows the Number of Uninsured Also Rises (April 1992)

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Population Estimates of Disability and Long-Term Care (February 1995)

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Research and Other Developments of Interest in Employer Group Long-Term Care Insurance ( )

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The Elderly with Disabilities: At Risk for High Health Care Costs (February 1994)

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The Medicaid Personal Care Services Option Part I: Cross-State Variations and Trends Over Time (November 1993)

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The Medicaid Personal Care Services Option Part II: Consumer-Directed Models of Care (December 1994)

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Trends in AFDC and Food Stamp Benfits: 1972-1994 (May 1995)

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Understanding Estimates of Uninsured Children: Putting the Differences in Context (January 1999)

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To obtain a printed copy of this report, send the full report title and your mailing information to:

U.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesOffice of Disability, Aging and Long-Term Care PolicyRoom 424E, H.H. Humphrey Building200 Independence Avenue, S.W.Washington, D.C. 20201FAX:  202-401-7733Email:  webmaster.DALTCP@hhs.gov

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